Keep Your Brain Buff

Most people know that exercise is good for the brain, but to know why that's important you need answers to two critical questions: 

• What makes the brain succumb to diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s?
• What is the best type of exercise to maximize the brain benefits?

Major degenerative diseases in the brain are all caused by one thing – mitochondrial decay in the brain.  Scientists classify degenerative brain diseases differently based on their symptoms and which region of the brain region they affect, but they all have the same cause.  Why is this a good thing?  Because it means that what‘s good for preventing one disease is also good for preventing others.  And because the primary factors for determining your susceptibility to brain disease is not genetics.

Mitochondrial decay causes brain disease, and which one you get depends on where you experience decay.  If it dominates in the hippocampus, you get Alzheimer’s.  If it dominates in the substantia nigra, you get Parkinson’s. 

And surprisingly, genetics is not your biggest determining factor.  Even if you have a defective gene, something in the environment has to activate it.  Michael J. Fox’s Parkinson’s was considered genetic until three other people who worked at the same Canadian TV studio in the 1970s also developed it. 

Brain Damage

Your brain uses 20% of the calories you consume.  As a result, it has a large number of mitochondria and experiences a by-product of energy production called free-radical production.  Free-radical injury to the mitochondria progressively reduces its ability make ATP.

The worst damage to proteins occurs at the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.  In harnessing the light (all food is essentially light turned into edible form) to give us energy, the mitochondria inevitability suffer damage by free radicals.

These are the four main processes of mitochondrial decay:

• Decline in energy supply, mostly from free-radical damage to the mitochondrial membrane
• Cumulative free-radical damage to lipids and proteins inside the cell, which turns them rancid
• Chronic inflammation in the brain, caused by free-radical driven overexpression of the inflammatory cascade
• Free-radical damage to mitochondrial DNA, which destroys bits of genetic code

What Can You Do About It?

Protecting your mitochondria is your best chance at preventing brain decay. Here are three main methods you can use:

• Take mitochondrial antioxidants
• Eat aromatic spices
• Manage chronic inflammation

To prevent oxidative stress to mitochondria, which has been associated with Alzheimer’s and several other diseases, look into mitochondrial antioxidants. Lipoic acid, glutathione, acetyl-carnitine, CDP choline, green tea and Vitamins A, C and E can protect your brain. The list of all mitochondrial antioxidants is too extensive to list completely.

Aromatic spices such as turmeric, cinnamon, ginger, cloves and red pepper (cayenne) are all strong anti-inflammatories.  And of course, managing stress plays a large role in managing inflammation.  Most modern stressors don’t require a physical response.  Instead of fight-or-flight, it’s stew-and-chew.  We stress over our retirement, our kids’ schooling, our careers, traffic – none of which requires a physical response.  But the brain doesn’t know this – it interprets stress as a fight-or-flight event, so we often end up eating more when stressed. The downside of that is stress hormones that get pumped out never get used up by physical activity – that’s where exercise comes in!

Keeping your brain buff doesn’t just mean exercising; it means participating in the right type of exercise, which means more than just walking.  Physical activity boosts a protein (BDNF or brain-derived neurotrophic factor) that protects neurons from damage.  If we have enough BDNF flowing around our brains, we can handle any amount of stress.

Greenough worked on an experiment in which running rats were compared to others that were taught complex motor skills, such as walking across balance beams, unstable objects, and elastic rope ladders.  After two weeks of training, the acrobatic rats had a 35% increase of BDNF in the cerebellum, whereas running rats had none. 

The point is that your workout regimen has to include skill acquisition and aerobic exercise.

Essentially, exercise has to stimulate the senses, engage you and perhaps be a little bit “scary.”  Use simple math problems during exercises (even goes left, odd goes right, etc.), bounce a tennis ball around or kick a pebble back and forth while going for a walk, use random patterns with medicine ball tosses – the ideas are limitless.  Insert some skill acquisition and cognitive processing into exercise and you’ll greatly enhance the brain benefits, and get the brain one step closer to buff!

Source Johnathan Ross /Ace